Note: You as the plaintiff in an employment case may take advantage of some of the Bankruptcy Code's protections for creditors. Although you would obviously prefer not to have to pursue your claim against your employer in the bankruptcy court, you should not simply abandon your claim without assessing the potential to preserve the claim or judgment, by considering the available options in consultation with your lawyer and/or a bankruptcy attorney.
If you have filed or plan to file a lawsuit against your employer and they file for bankruptcy it can end up making your life more complicated. However, Workplace Fairness is here to help you work through the situation. To learn more about employer bankruptcy and lawsuits, and your rights related to them, read below.
The filing of a bankruptcy petition by a defendant company or individual is never good news for you as the plaintiff in an employment case. However, it doesn't have to be the end of the world -- or the end of your claims against the defendant. A plaintiff in an ongoing employment case is a creditor of the defendant employer, because under the Bankruptcy Code, a creditor includes any person who has a claim that arose against the debtor at the time of or before the filing of the bankruptcy petition. The Bankruptcy Code does provide mechanisms for creditors to maximize their claims against the debtor.
However, the purpose of a bankruptcy petition -- whether a Chapter 11 reorganization or Chapter 7 liquidation by a corporate entity or a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 by an individual -- is to relieve the debtor of all debts that existed prior to the bankruptcy filing and give the debtor a "fresh start." A corporate entity or other business entity that initiates a debt reorganization process through the bankruptcy court generally has little incentive to carve out funds to pay debts incurred before the bankruptcy is filed, especially unliquidated, unsecured debt, such as a plaintiff's employment claim. Individuals who have filed for bankruptcy are equally motivated to wash away all of their debt. Even if you have obtained a judgment before the bankruptcy is filed, the debt could still be forever discharged by the bankruptcy court, which means that the debtor will not be obligated to pay any portion of the judgment.
There are some steps, however, that may improve your chances of obtaining a recovery against a bankrupt debtor, discussed below in questions 4 through 11.
It depends. The filing of a bankruptcy petition by a defendant triggers an automatic stay of all litigation against the defendant/debtor. This means that you or your attorney cannot, without violating the stay, make any demand for payment, or start or continue any litigation that was or could have been initiated before the bankruptcy. This includes continuing with discovery or asking a judge to issue any orders in your case. If a judgment has already been entered, the stay prevents you from making any efforts to enforce it.
Any action taken in violation of the stay is void and a willful violation of the stay may be punishable by a citation for contempt of court, and/or require you to pay for attorneys' fees and damages incurred by the defendant/debtor. In order to recover from your employer, you will either have to be exempted from the stay, or continue your lawsuit in the bankruptcy court.
You cannot take further action against the defendant employer once it has filed for bankruptcy, which includes starting or continuing any administrative proceeding before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or a similar state or federal agency.
However, when a "governmental unit," such as the EEOC or any state human rights commission, undertakes action against the employer/debtor for a public purpose (other than a private litigant's individual charge of discrimination, for example), the automatic stay does not apply to such proceedings. The Bankruptcy Code recognizes the higher public interest in allowing governmental entities to exercise their regulatory or police powers, notwithstanding the defendant's bankruptcy. Therefore, like other governmental entities, the EEOC and state human rights commissions have the authority to continue their proceedings in order to vindicate the public interest in eradicating employment discrimination and other violations of employee rights.
Bankruptcy often is about negotiated resolutions. This is an area in which the squeaky wheel more often than not gets the grease. That is not to say that grease equals justice. However, careful planning may help you thwart a defendant employer's attempt to use its bankruptcy to avoid the debt owed to you as the plaintiff.
Here are some of the steps that you and/or your attorney can take to preserve your claim, discussed in more detail below:
File a proof of claim
Check schedules / Contact the debtor's counsel and/or the trustee
Seek relief from the automatic stay to liquidate the claim
In a Chapter 11 case, vote on the plan of reorganization
Participate on the unsecured creditors committee
File a nondischargeability complaint in the bankruptcy court;
The most important step in protecting your claim against the defendant employer in the bankruptcy court is to file a proof of claim. The proof of claim:
Notifies the bankruptcy court of your claim and intention to share in any distribution of assets to creditors, regardless of whether the debtor included your claim on its bankruptcy schedules;
Gives you the right to object to any activity in the bankruptcy case that may affect the adjudication or valuation of your claim; and,
Helps assure that you are notified of the court's proceedings.
The proof of claim is a single-page form that may be filed under your signature. Although you do not need the signature of an attorney admitted to the bankruptcy court in which the defendant/debtor has filed, in order to file the proof of claim, a bankruptcy attorney certainly should be consulted, as there are deadlines for filing the proof of claim.
The official proof of claim form is available from the bankruptcy court. Most, if not all, of the bankruptcy courts are online now, and make available all of the necessary forms, sometimes including model examples, in a downloadable .pdf format that can be printed out and completed, or in an online "writeable" form.
The claim form requires:
Identifying the basis for the claim;
The amount of the claim at the time the bankruptcy petition was filed;
Whether any portion of the claim is secured; and,
Whether you have an unsecured priority claim, as that term is defined by the Bankruptcy Code. In most instances, your employment claim will be a general unsecured claim.
You must be as complete as possible in asserting your proof of claim and should attach supporting documents, such as a file-stamped complaint, employment contract, or judgment, as appropriate. You should include all components of the claims and relief sought against the defendant/debtor in the proof of claim, including compensatory damages, equitable relief, prospective relief, prejudgment and postjudgment interest, and attorneys' fees. See our site's damages page for more information about these different types of damages.
If the complaint has been filed without a specific amount, you may list the amount of the claim as "undetermined." You should consult with your attorney to prepare this information, or have your attorney prepare it for you.
You and your attorney should make sure the defendant's counsel and/or a Trustee appointed to administer the defendant employer's bankruptcy estate know about your claims. Debtors are required to file schedules and a statement of financial affairs, listing all of their assets and liabilities. You should check the schedules to make sure that you are listed as a creditor, and that the debtor has accurately characterized the claim. Your attorney can tell you how to do this or will do it for you.
If the debtor fails to list you as a creditor on its schedules or statement of financial affairs filed with the bankruptcy court, you will not receive notice of the bankruptcy proceedings. To correct this problem, you must notify the court of your interest, and request notice of all proceedings in the case, by requesting to be added to the mailing matrix for the case.
On request of a creditor, and upon a showing of cause after a notice and hearing, the bankruptcy court may grant relief from the automatic stay. Bankruptcy courts generally recognize that the long process of civil litigation generally required by the claims typically arising in employment cases is better suited outside of the bankruptcy court.
The common factors bankruptcy courts use to determine whether the stay should be modified are very discretionary, and may include such factors as:
Whether insurance is available to defend the debtor;
Whether the defense of the suit will impose a financial burden;
Whether you have a probability of success on the merits; and,
Whether the Bankruptcy Court needs to first address bankruptcy?law issues before your employment case proceeds.
After the bankruptcy court considers these and other factors, the court may lift the stay and allow you to finish litigation already underway, to "liquidate" your claim. Once you have a judgment, your claim has a specific monetary value attached to it, which makes it easier when it is time to distribute any remaining assets in the bankruptcy case.
For example, the bankruptcy court may modify the stay to allow you to bring your claim forward to a jury verdict, on the condition that you may not take any steps to enforce any judgment you may obtain without further order of the court. Once you obtain your verdict, the bankruptcy court is in a better position to assess the value of your claim and your relative right to share in any distribution of the debtor's assets to creditors.
The plan of reorganization should specify the claims that the debtor proposes to pay, in whole or in part, and the terms of such payments over time -- often at least five years. The debtor must provide sufficient information for each creditor to determine exactly what, if anything, he or she will recover if the debtor's proposed plan is approved by the court. The plan will include separate "classes" of similar types of claims, whether secured, or unsecured, etc., as well as specified percentages of the value of the claims asserted against the debtor.
In order to maximize your recovery, you must exercise a role in this process. Merely filing a proof of claim, without more follow-up, is unlikely to generate the best result for you. The basis for your claim may be so unique, compared to the debtor=s other creditors, that you are in a class of one or just a few creditors, without whose support the debtor cannot obtain approval of the plan. As the debtor's goal is to obtain approval of its reorganization plan, you may be in a position to achieve a better-than-expected result, depending on the debtor and the overall value of the claims asserted in the case.
Once a reorganization plan is confirmed by the court, any claims that could or should have been brought against the debtor at the time of or before the bankruptcy filing will be discharged. If you wait to act after the defendant employer reports that it "has emerged from bankruptcy," it probably will be too late to protect your claims.
Yes, if possible. In a Chapter 11 case, the United States trustee may appoint a committee of unsecured creditors, whose role is to, among other things, investigate the assets and liabilities of the debtor, the operation of the business, participate in the formulation of the plan, and consult with the trustee or debtor in possession about administering the case. The committee also may be authorized to retain attorneys, accountants or other professionals to assist it.
The committee is composed of unsecured creditors, and provides a vehicle for a representative group to participate in the case in an orderly manner. Depending on the value of the plaintiff/creditor's claim, the funds available for distribution from the estate to creditors, and the nature of the defendant/debtor, whether a large or small corporate entity or an individual, participation on the committee may be an opportunity to advance your interests in the case.
In a Chapter 7 case, at the meeting of creditors (called a 341 meeting), the creditors may elect a committee of creditors who hold allowable unsecured claims to consult with the trustee or the United States trustee in the administration of the case, and to appear in court on any matter affecting the administration of the case.
If the defendant is an individual, certain types of debts are not eligible for discharge in the bankruptcy case. Pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code, any debt for "willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity" is excepted from discharge in the bankruptcy proceeding. ![11 U.S.C. 523(a)(6). There are several other exceptions to discharge which plaintiffs in employment discrimination cases may use with appropriate related claims, including debts for money obtained by false pretenses, or false representation, or actual fraud ( 523(a)(2)(A)); fraud while acting in a fiduciary capacity ( 523(a)(4)). Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) fiduciaries are also fiduciaries under Section 523(a)(4). See Blyler v. Hemmeter, 242 F.3d 1186 (9th Cir. 2001).] A debt excepted from discharge survives the bankruptcy and remains an ongoing obligation of the defendant/debtor.](images/scales.gif)
Plaintiffs in employment discrimination cases have been successful in persuading bankruptcy courts that their debts are nondischargeable, based upon jury findings that defendants caused "willful and malicious injury," or when the jury awarded punitive damages requiring a finding of willful or malicious intent. If, however, you have not had the benefit of any pre-bankruptcy proceeding to obtain a finding of intentional willful and malicious injury against the defendant/debtor, you are unfortunately much less likely to have the bankruptcy courts consider the debt created by your case nondischargeable.
A plaintiff/creditor or judgment creditor may file a complaint in the bankruptcy court asking the court to determine whether the debt is dischargeable. You must act promptly to meet the bankruptcy court's short deadlines to initiate a complaint based upon willful or malicious injury, false pretenses, false representation, fraud, or fraud while acting in a fiduciary capacity.
You may have a reason to be concerned when the defendant settles your case at the last minute shortly before it files for bankruptcy.
Settlement agreements are subject to the "avoidable preference" provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. The policy behind these provisions is that the debtor's assets should be available to compensate all of its creditors, and not just those creditors the debtor "preferred" to pay immediately before the bankruptcy filing.
Any transfer of property, including money or a commitment to pay money in settlement of a claim against the defendant is subject to the bankruptcy court's authority to compel the transferee plaintiff/creditor to disgorge the money. Any transfer within 90 days of the bankruptcy filing is presumed to be an avoidable transfer and subject to return to the bankruptcy estate. If the transferee is an "insider" of the debtor entity, the preference period is one year. Insiders include people such as relatives, general partners, directors or officers of the debtor- check with your attorneys to see if this applies to you.
If a defendant employer is threatening to file bankruptcy or claims to be in a weak financial position, you should be aware of the risk of having to return the funds and should be reluctant to release or dismiss your pending claims under such pressure from the defendant. Once the defendant files for bankruptcy, a viable claim or judgment which existed before the bankruptcy filing is better than a claim you have already withdrawn by release or dismissal when you settled your case.
Yes. After the administrative expenses of the bankruptcy case are paid, certain employee wage claims -- for unpaid wages or other forms of compensation -- are entitled to the highest priority treatment in most cases under the Bankruptcy Code - up to an amount not to exceed $12,850 as of April 1, 2016. per individual or corporation, as the case may be, earned within 180 days before the date of the filing of the petition or the date of the cessation of the debtor's business, whichever occurs first.
In order to receive priority treatment, the claims must:
Be for unpaid wages or other forms of compensation;
Have been earned within 180 days before the date of the filing of the petition or the date of the cessation of the debtor's business, whichever occurs first;
Additionally, the unpaid wages or other forms of compensation must have been earned as:
Wages, salaries or commissions, including vacation, severance, and sick leave pay earned by an individual; or,
Sales commissions earned by an individual; or,
By a corporation with only one employee, acting as an independent contractor in the sale of goods or services for the debtor in the ordinary course of the debtor's business if, and only if, during the 12 months preceding that date, at least 75 percent of the amount that the individual or corporation earned by acting as an independent contractor in the sale of goods or services was earned from the debtor.
The Bankruptcy Code preempts state statutes that recognize or allow for perfection of employee liens for unpaid wages.
The rest of an employee's claim for wages, salaries, or commissions is treated as a general unsecured claim.
For example, if you are owed $15,000 in unpaid wages earned before the bankruptcy filing and the employer files for bankruptcy, the amount of that compensation earned within 180 days before the filing (up to $12,850) will receive "priority" treatment and will be paid ahead of other general unsecured prepetition claims.
If all $15,000 was earned within the 180 days, you will have a $10,000 priority claim and a $2,150 general unsecured prepetition claim that waits in line further down the list of claims eligible for payment.
An employee's claim for damages resulting from the termination of an employment contract is treated as a general unsecured claim and "shall" be allowed, absent an objection, and after notice and a hearing, to the extent that it does not exceed the compensation provided by such contract, without acceleration, for one year following the earlier of:
The date of the filing of the petition; or,
The date on which the employer directed the employee to terminate, or such employee terminated, performance under the contract; plus,
Any unpaid compensation due under such contract, without acceleration, on the earlier of such dates.
Yes. Similar to the other priority claim for wages discussed in the previous question, contributions to an employee benefit plan are considered priority claims under the Bankruptcy Code if they arise from services rendered within 180 days before the date of the filing of the petition or the date of the defendant employer stopped doing business, whichever occurs first.
They will be considered a priority claim up to the following amount for each benefit plan
The number of employees covered by each such plan multiplied by $10,000;
Subtracting the aggregate amount paid to such employees for wages (as discussed in the previous question; and,
Subtracting the aggregate amount paid by the estate on behalf of such employees to any other employee benefit plan.
In order to recover these payments through a bankruptcy proceeding, it will most likely be necessary to file a claim on behalf of all affected employees, so if this is an issue in your case, please consult with your attorney.
It is also possible that the Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation, a government agency responsible for protecting pension benefits by taking over defunct plans, may be involved in administering your plan, which could affect the benefits to which you are entitled. For more information, please consult with the PBGC's website or your attorney.
The Bankruptcy Code has been held to limit an employee's claim based upon a prepetition judgment obtained by the plaintiff against the debtor more than two years before the bankruptcy petition was filed. However, some courts have disagreed with these rulings, so it is important to work with your lawyer to determine what the scope of your claim should be.